中华医学杂志2000年7月第80卷第7期 Natl Med J
China ,July 2000,Vol 80,NO.7
临床研究
李竹
Robert J Berry 李松 J David Erichson 王红
Cynthia A Moore 赵平 Joseph Mulinare 洪世欣
Lee-Yang C Wong 呼和牧人
Jacqueline Gindler 郝玲 Adolfo Correa 朱慧萍 Elaine Gunter
中国妇女妊娠前后单纯服用斯利安叶酸片对神经管畸形的预防效果
[摘要]
目的 评价妇女在妊娠前后服用单纯400ug叶酸增补剂对胎/婴儿神经管畸形(NTDs)的预防效果。方法 1993~1995年在中国北方的NTDs高发地区和南方的NTDs低发地区妇女增补叶酸的推广项目中,共募集从孕前或孕后任何时间开始服药的妇女130 142名,未服药的妇女117
689名;设计的服药方法从婚检时开始到孕满3个月为止,每天服用单纯叶酸片400ug;最后对妇女的分娩结局进行监测并进行预防效果的对比评价研究。结果,服用组妇女生育的胎婴儿中共发现102例NTDs,对照组胎婴儿中共发现173例NTDs。末次月经前募集的未服药妇女在孕20周以后分娩的胎婴中NTDs发生率,北方为4.8‰
(16/3 318),南方为1.0‰
(28/28 265),而妊娠前后服药妇女组则分别为1.0‰(13/13 012)和0.6‰
(34/58 638)。与末次月经前募集的未服药妇女组相比,北方服药妇女NTDs发生率明显降低,其中依从性大于80%的服药组妇女预防率达85%(95% CI为62%~94%),南方地区服叶酸的预防率为41%(95%CI为3%~64%)。结论 妇女在妊娠前后每天服用单纯叶酸400ug 在NTDs的高发地区和低发地区均能降低NTDs发生的危险性。
[关键词] 妊娠;叶酸;神经管缺损
Preventing
neural tube defects with periconceptional folic acid supplementation : a population-based intervention program in
the
[Abstract]
Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of
periconceptional use of 400 ug folic acid only on the prevention of
neural tube defects (NTDs) . Method
As part of a public health campaign in areas of high (North)
and low (South ) NTDs prevalence in the China during
1993 and 1995 ,130142 pill takers and 117689 non-pill takers were
recruited .Women were asked to
begin taking a pill containing only 400 ug of folic
acid daily from the time of their premarital examination until the end of the
first trimester of pregnancy . The outcomes of these pregnancies were
ascertained through 1996 . Results We identified 102 NTDs among offspring of pill takers and 173 NTDs among offspring of non-pill takers. The NTDs rate in offspring of non-pill takers was 4.8‰(16/3 318)and 1.0‰(28/28 625) in the south; while the rate in pill takers was 1.0‰(13/13 012) in the north and 0.6‰ in the
south. The greatest reduction in risk occurred among the fetuses or infants of
a subgroup of women in the northern region with periconceptional
use who took pills more than 80 percent of the time (reduction in risk ,85
percent as compared with the fetuses or infants of women who registered before
their last menstrual period and who took no folic acid;95 percent confidence
interval , 62 to 94 percent ).In the southern region the reduction in risk
among the fetuses or infants of women with periconceptional
use of folic acid was also significant (reduction in risk ,41 percent;95%
confidence interval , 3 to 64 percent ).Conclusion Periconceptional
intake of supplements containing only 400 ug folic
acid can reduce the risk for NTDs in areas of high
and low NTDs prevalence.
[Key words] Pregnancy; Folic acid;
Neural tube defects.
基金项目:美国疾病控制中心1993年404号项目经费资助;中华人民共和国卫生部“八五”和“九五”重点攻关基金资助项目。
作者单位:100083 北京医科大学中国妇婴保健中心、保健流行病学研究室(李竹、李松、王红、赵平、洪世欣、呼和牧人、赦玲、朱慧萍);National Centers for Environmental Health , Centers for Disease Control adn
Prevention , CDC (Robert J Berry J David Erickson ,Cynthia A Moore Joseph Malinare Lee-Yang C Wong Jacqueline Gindler
Adolfo Correa Elaine Gunter)
在人类胚胎发育过程中,从受孕至孕后28d,是神经管形成和发育完善的时期,也是预防神经管畸形的有效时期。以往妇女一般在确认怀孕后才开始服用复合维生素,往往错过了这一重要阶段。有研究显示,妇女在妊娠前后服用含叶酸的复合维生素可以降低胎婴儿发生神经管畸形(NTDs)的危险性,英国医学研究会(MRC)对有NTDs分娩史的妇女在妊娠前后每天给予服4000ug 叶酸后使NTDs再发危险性降低了72%。随后,匈牙利学者发现,含800ug 叶酸的复合维生素也可降低NTDs初发的危险性,美国公共卫生署于1992年建议,准备怀孕的妇女每天服用400ug 的叶酸以预防胎婴儿发生NTDs 。为了证实单纯服用400ug
叶酸对NTDs的预防作用,我们和美国疾病控制与预防中心合作,并得到中国政府的大力支持,在中国NTDs高发的北方地区和低发的南方地区开展了一次大规模增补叶酸预防神经管畸形效果的评价研究。
表1
285536名南北方募集妇女的妊娠情况(人数)
|
组别 |
人数 |
未妊娠 |
妊娠 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
不孕症 |
其他原因 |
合计 |
失访 |
胎婴儿神经管畸形诊断明确 |
胎婴儿神经管畸形诊断不明确 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
退出 |
迁出等* |
合计 |
活产 |
死胎 |
死产 |
诊断后终止妊娠 |
合计 |
分娩△ |
自然流产 |
引产 |
异位妊娠或葡萄胎 |
合计 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
北方地区 |
37425 |
980 |
301 |
1281(3) |
940(3) |
821(2) |
1761(5) |
31456(84) |
206(0.6) |
295(0.8) |
3(0.008) |
31960(85) |
1149(3) |
851(2) |
406(1) |
17(0.05) |
2423(6) |
||||||||||||
|
南方地区 |
248111 |
5984 |
984 |
6968(3) |
1804(0.7) |
7233(3) |
9037(4) |
213880(86) |
423(0.2) |
1562(0.6) |
6(0.002) |
215871(87) |
9074(4) |
4317(2) |
2704(1) |
140(0.06) |
16235(7) |
||||||||||||
|
合计 |
285536 |
6964 |
1285 |
8249(3) |
2744(1.0) |
8054(2.8) |
10798(3.8) |
245336(86) |
629(0.2) |
1857(0.7) |
9(0.003) |
247831(87) |
10223(4) |
5168(2) |
3110(1) |
157(0.05) |
18658(7) |
||||||||||||
注:该资料收集时间为
表2
247831名南北方募集妇女的一般情况
|
组别 |
人数 |
年龄(岁,x±s ) |
末次月经前募集的人数 |
不同产次的人数 |
体重指数(x±s) |
|||
|
0 |
1 |
≥2 |
不详 |
|||||
|
北方地区 |
31960 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
服叶酸 |
18591 |
24.0±2.5 |
18083(97) |
17353(93) |
732(4) |
106(0.6) |
400(2) |
21.4±2.1 |
|
未服叶酸 |
13369 |
26.3±4.0 |
3318(25) |
7632(57) |
3366(25) |
995(7) |
1376(10) |
21.8±2.0 |
|
南方地区 |
215871 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
服叶酸 |
111551 |
24.3±2.5 |
103594(93) |
56437(51) |
34692(31) |
18571(17) |
1851(2) |
20.4±2.3 |
|
未服叶酸 |
104320 |
25.5±3.7 |
28265(27) |
43642(42) |
28395(27) |
28140(27) |
4143(4) |
20.9±2.5 |
|
组别 |
汉族人数 |
不同受教育程度(人数) |
不同职业(人数) |
||||||
|
高中或大学 |
初中 |
小学或文盲 |
不详 |
农民 |
工人 |
其他 |
不详 |
||
|
北方地区 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
服叶酸 |
17837(96) |
1660(9) |
13925(75) |
2390(13) |
616(3) |
15766(85) |
1085(6) |
1178(6) |
562(3) |
|
未服叶酸 |
12604(94) |
957(7) |
10035(75) |
| |||||